What is xanthine used for?

The major use of xanthine derivatives are for relief of bronchospasm caused by asthma or chronic obstructive lung disease. The most widely used xanthine is theophylline.

What kind of drugs are xanthines?

Xanthines are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in the treatment of asthma symptoms.

Which foods contain xanthines?

Xanthine: A substance found in caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and encountered in tea, coffee, and the colas.

What is xanthine derived from?

Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase. It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. It is also created from xanthosine by purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

Is xanthine a diuretic?

Caffeine has long been considered practically useless, so far as its diuretic action in human beings is concerned, and the term “xanthine diuretic” is therefore restricted to theobromine and theophylline, both of which are frequently employed in combination with other substances.

What is xanthine bronchodilator?

Xanthine derivatives are a group of alkaloids that work as mild stimulants and bronchodilators. Xanthine derivatives ease symptoms of bronchospasm and make breathing easier by relaxing the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract and reducing the airway’s hypersensitive response to stimuli.

Where is xanthine found in the body?

Xanthine: A substance found in caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and encountered in tea, coffee, and the colas. Chemically, xanthine is a purine. There is a genetic disease of xanthine metabolism, xanthinuria, due to deficiency of an enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase, needed to process xanthine in the body.

Which bronchodilator drug is related to xanthine?

Methylxanthines are a unique class of drug that are derived from the purine base xanthine. Xanthine is produced naturally by both plants and animals. The methylxanthines, theophylline, and dyphylline are used in the treatment of airways obstruction caused by conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema.

What are the signs of xanthine toxicity?

Symptoms of overdose may include unusually fast or slow heartbeat, loss of appetite, nausea/vomiting, sleeplessness, irritability, restlessness, headache, increased thirst, fever, ringing in ears, delirium, muscle twitching or weakness, seizures, sweating, or fast breathing.

What color is xanthine?

Xanthine derives from the Greek word “xanthos,” meaning yellow. You’re most likely to see it used to suggest a yellow tint, as in fall trees turned a xanthine orange.

Which drugs are contraindications with administration of xanthine derivatives?

Methylxanthines are contraindicated in any patient with a history of hypersensitivity reaction to any medication with a xanthine-derivative component (including aminophylline, theophylline, ethylenediamine).

Is hypoxanthine a purine?

Hypoxanthine (6-hydroxypurine) is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a deaminated form of adenine, itself a breakdown product of adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

What is xanthine and hypoxanthine?

Unsalvaged hypoxanthine is oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Molecular oxygen, the oxidant in both reactions, is reduced to H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species. In humans, uric acid is the final product of purine degradation and is excreted in the urine.

Is xanthine a natural product?

The natural source of xanthine and its derivatives are plants as tea, coffee, cocoa seeds, etc. The presence of natural xanthine derivatives in plant is good for human health but their precise biological role in plants still needs exploration [36].

How do xanthines work in asthma?

Xanthines inhibit late phase airway reactions induced by allergen or chemical sensitizers. But, they offer little protection against methacholine-, histamine, or allergen-induced immediate bronchoconstriction and any protection seen is unrelated to the extent of the initial bronchodilatation.

Are xanthine bronchodilators?

Mechanism of Action. A xanthine derivative that acts as a bronchodilator by directly relaxing smooth muscle of the bronchial airway and pulmonary blood vessels similar to theophylline. Therapeutic Effect: Relieves bronchospasm, increases vital capacity, produces cardiac arrhythmias, and skeletal muscle stimulation.

Is aminophylline the same as theophylline?

Aminophylline is the ethylenediamine salt of theophylline. Theophylline stimulates the CNS, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscle. It relaxes certain smooth muscles in the bronchi, produces diuresis, and causes an increase in gastric secretion. Aminophylline is the ethylenediamine salt of theophylline.